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How is Fear of Falling measured? Data collection Data from the…
How is Fear of Falling measured?
Data collection Data from the study were obtained from outpatients who had visited the Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, been diagnosed with OA, and met study criteria. Data were collected by a researcher using the survey, in a patient room. The survey took approximately 15 to 20 minutes to administer. Data were collected by means of a survey, which was modified after examining those used in previous studies (Basaran et al., 2010; Duyur Çakit et al., 2011; Ng & Tan, 2013; Tinetti et al., 1990). It was divided into two sections. The first section consisted of 24 items, including socio-demographic information (e.g., age, gender, education, profession, BMI, and whether the individual lived alone), and information on disease status (duration of OA, treatments relevant to OA, medications, auxiliary tools associated with gait, and falling experiences). BMI was divided into two categories: < 30 kg/m2 and = 30 kg/m2 , in order to evaluate the possible relationship between obesity and functionality of patients (Masiero et al., 2018; Rosales Ade et al., 2014). The Ahlbäck radiological classification was used for staging knee OA in patients. Ahlbäck classification consists of five grades (Martins et al., 2017): Grade 1: Narrowing of the joint space (< 3 mm) Grade 2: Obliteration of joint space Grade 3: Minimal erosion in the joint (between 0-5 mm) Grade 4: Moderate erosion in the joint (5-10 mm) Grade 5: Severe erosion (> 10 mm) in the joint, subluxation, arthrosis in the secondary lateral compartment. The second section consisted of the Visual Analog Scale for Fear of Falling (VAS-FOF), the Lequesne Index (LI), and the Tinetti Falls Efficacy Scale (FES). The Visual Analog Scale for Fear of Falling (VASFOF) The VAS-FOF was used to determine fear of falling in individuals diagnosed with knee OA. Participants’ fears of falling were assessed, and represented on a scale of 0-10 on a 10 cm line, with 0 being “I am not afraid of falling” and 10 being “I am very afraid of falling” (Scheffer et al., 2010). The Lequesne Index (LI) The LI consists of three subscales that evaluate the performance of daily activities in individuals diagnosed with knee and hip OA. The first subscale includes five questions assessing pain and discomfort (night pain, morning stiffness, pain while walking, and increased pain in standing), the second subscale includes one question evaluating maximal walking distance, and the third subscale includes four questions evaluating activities of daily living (ascending/descending stairs, squatting, and walking). The LI evaluating the impact of knee OA on functioning and daily quality of life was used in this study. Total LI score ranges from 0 (no pain, no disability) to 24 (maximum pain, stiffness and disability) (Lequesne, 1991). The LI is assessed
Group of answer choices
A.) Directly
B.) Indirectly
C.) Both
D.) Neither
