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G-protein coupled receptors are targets for several psychiatric…

G-protein coupled receptors are targets for several psychiatric medications. Given what we know about these receptors, what is the ultimate result we will see when one of them is activated in a way that would potentiate an action?

Group of answer choices

Intracellular activation of second messengers

 

 Protein phosphorylation

 

 Modification of gene expression

 

 

Flag question: Question 2Question 20 pts

 

Serotonin (5HT) is a neurotransmitter associated with mood, sleep, and psychosis. There are several serotonin receptors all over the human body. A unique aspect of the second generation antipsychotics is their ability to block 5HT2a receptors. What is the effect of this inhibition?

Group of answer choices

 Stabilizes dopamine concentrations in the CNS

 

Induces anxiety

 

 Causes hallucinations

 

Reduces platelet function

 

 

Flag question: Question 3Question 30 pts

 

Introducing adherence in facilitating treatment goals is something that would be necessary in a patient who has previously displayed nonadherence patterns.

Group of answer choices

True

 

False

 

 

Flag question: Question 4Question 40 pts

 

Upon blocking a Serotonin reuptake pump, what happens in the synaptic cleft and on the post synaptic cell membrane?

Group of answer choices

The result will be an increase in available Serotonin in the synaptic cleft causing the post synaptic cell to increase the number of Serotonin receptors.

 

The result will be an increase in the available Serotonin in the synaptic cleft causing the post synaptic neuron to reduce the number of Serotonin receptors.

 

 The result will be an increase in Serotonin in the synaptic cleft resulting in an increase in reuptake pumps on the presynaptic neuron.

 

The result will be an increase in Serotonin in the synaptic cleft resulting in a decrease in reuptake pumps on the pre-synaptic neuron.

 

 

Flag question: Question 5Question 50 pts

 

Treatment adherence is affected by several different factors. Clinical factors include mood, anxiety, psychosis, and substance misuse. There are also patient factors such as knowledge, attitude, and beliefs; economic and racial/ethnic disparities, and clinical encounters. A patient who presents hopeless, with decreased energy, and poor concentration is affected by which factor?

Group of answer choices

Substance misuse

 

Knowledge deficits

 

Attitude ad belief system

 

Mood

 

 

Flag question: Question 6Question 60 pts

 

Which neurotransmitter is considered the major excitatory neurotransmitter?

Group of answer choices

 Glycine

 

 GABA

 

Glutamate

 

Serotonin

 

 

Flag question: Question 7Question 70 pts

 

Which of the following consists of all the known major neurotransmitters that are relevant in psychiatry?

Group of answer choices

glutamate, GABA, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, histamine, steroids, nitric oxide

 

glutamate, GABA, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, histamine, endogenous opioids, steroids, cannabinoids, nitric oxide

 

glutamate, GABA, dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, endogenous opioids, nitric oxide, cannabinoids, steroids

 

glutamate, GABA, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, endogenous opioids, steroids, histamine, nitric oxide

 

 

Flag question: Question 8Question 80 pts

 

Receptors trigger one of two effector pathways resulting in changes in neuronal activity. These changes will, ultimately, effect gene expression. Which effector pathway is characterized by ion flux through transmitter-activated channels resulting in an altered membrane potential and neuronal activity?

Group of answer choices

Slow effector pathways

 

 Modulated effector pathways

 

Rapid effector pathways

 

MDA glutamate receptor pathways

 

 

Flag question: Question 9Question 90 pts

 

The human brain is subcategorized into four major structures. These structures include the cerebral cortex, brainstem, subcortical structures, and the cerebellum. Of these major categories, which one houses the area of the brain that has been found in some neuropathological studies of patients with schizophrenia to be of smaller size?

Group of answer choices

Cerebral cortex

 

Brainstem

 

Subcortical structures

 

Cerebellum

 

 

Flag question: Question 10Question 100 pts

 

G-protein coupled receptors are examples of what type of effector pathway?

Group of answer choices

Slow effector pathways

 

Rapid effector pathways

 

NMDA glutamate receptor pathways

 

Modulated effector pathways

 

 

Flag question: Question 11Question 110 pts

 

If a patient admits to taking his medication every other day (instead of daily, as prescribed), a potential concern would be:

Group of answer choices

Sufficient understanding or acceptance of the illness

 

Abuse of the medication

 

Expense

 

Is the desired effect recognized at a lower daily dose?

 

 

Flag question: Question 12Question 120 pts

 

The synaptic cleft is best characterized by which of the following statements?

Group of answer choices

The synaptic cleft is the space between a single neuron’s dendrites and axon terminals in which intracellular communication occurs through the release of neurotransmitters allowing for signal conduction throughout the central nervous system.

 

The synaptic cleft is the space between the cell body and axon terminals that allows for release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron for intercellular communication with an adjacent neuron (post synaptic neuron).

 

The synaptic cleft is an area where dendrites and axon terminals are within close proximity, allowing for the release of a neurotransmitter from a presynaptic neuron that can interact with receptors on dendritic cells of a post synaptic neuron, which is the main basis for intercellular communication of neurons.

 

 

Flag question: Question 13Question 130 pts

 

Neurotransmission is unidirectional insofar as chemical and electrical conduction is concerned within the individual neuron. Of the following descriptions, which best characterizes the order of neurotransmitter/receptor interaction that results in an electrical signal impulse and the release of another neurotransmitter for interaction in the synaptic cleft (signal conduction through a neuron)?

Group of answer choices

Cell body, dendrites, Axon, Axon terminals

 

Dendrites, Axon, Cell body, Axon, Axon terminals

 

Dendrites, Cell body, Axon, Axon terminals

 

Axon terminals, Axon, Cell body, Dendrites

 

 

Flag question: Question 14Question 140 pts

 

Of the components of patient-focused interventions to enhance adherence, which component includes the following strategies: adaptive thinking, use of cues, and support?

Group of answer choices

Motivation

 

Skills

 

Logistics

 

Education

 

 

Flag question: Question 15Question 150 pts

 

Glia cells play a supportive role to the neuron. A few of the functions of the glial cells include providing nutrition, maintaining homeostasis, stabilizing synapses, and myelinating axons. The glial cells are categorized as microglia and macroglia. Of these two cell types, which one plays an active and critical role in glutamatergic neurotransmission by providing a co-agonist required for glutamate receptor function?

Group of answer choices

microglial

 

macroglial

 

 

Flag question: Question 16Question 160 pts

 

Motivation is a component of patient-focused interventions to enhance adherence. Based on the transtheoretical model, readiness to change can fluctuate across five stages. Which stage is represented by the patient who is aware that a problem exists and, while seriously thinking about overcoming it, has not yet committed to a plan of action?

Group of answer choices

Preparation

 

Action

 

Contemplation

 

Maintenance

 

 

Flag question: Question 17Question 170 pts

 

A patient arrives in the ED via EMS having a grand mal seizure. The ED physician instructs the RN to give 10 milligrams of Diazepam IV X1 dose STAT. The patient’s seizure breaks within 2 minutes of the Diazepam being administered. The mechanism by which this medication causes rapid resolution of seizure activity is via which receptor type (effector pathway/receptor subtype)?

Group of answer choices

Slow effector pathways/G-protein coupled receptor

 

Slow effector pathway/ion channel

 

 Rapid effector pathways/G-protein coupled receptor

 

Rapid effector pathway/ion channel

 

 

Flag question: Question 18Question 180 pts

 

1Neurons are classified in several different ways. From the following statements, select which ones are true.

1. The two structural classifications are projection neurons and local inter-neurons.

 

2. Function classifications are made up of two subcategories: excitatory and inhibitory.

3. Histological classification includes bipolar, unipolar, and multipolar.

4. Classifications using a combination of structural, functional, and neurotransmitter type provide the most robust and useful description.

5. Classification by neurotransmitter type alone provides the most useful description.

Group of answer choices

I only

 

III only

 

I, II, and V only

 

I, II, III, IV, and V

 

I, III, and IV

 

 

Flag question: Question 19Question 190 pts

 

When dopamine (subtype 2) receptors are blocked in this pathway (system), it is evident by EPS.

Group of answer choices

 Mesocortical

 

Tuberoinfundibular

 

 grostriatal

 

 Mesolimbic

 

 

Flag question: Question 20Question 200 pts

 

Neurotransmitters are defined by four essential characteristics. These are:

Group of answer choices

 Neurotransmitters are synthesized within presynaptic neurons.

 

 Depolarization of a neuron results in the release of a neurotransmitter, which exerts a multitude of actions on the postsynaptic neuron.

 

Their action on postsynaptic neurons can be replicated by administering a drug that mimics the activity of the endogenous neurotransmitter.

 

 Their action in the synaptic cleft is terminated by a specific action.

 

E. A, C, and D only