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G-protein coupled receptors are targets for several psychiatric…
G-protein coupled receptors are targets for several psychiatric medications. Given what we know about these receptors, what is the ultimate result we will see when one of them is activated in a way that would potentiate an action?
Group of answer choices
Intracellular activation of second messengers
Protein phosphorylation
Modification of gene expression
Flag question: Question 2Question 20 pts
Serotonin (5HT) is a neurotransmitter associated with mood, sleep, and psychosis. There are several serotonin receptors all over the human body. A unique aspect of the second generation antipsychotics is their ability to block 5HT2a receptors. What is the effect of this inhibition?
Group of answer choices
Stabilizes dopamine concentrations in the CNS
Induces anxiety
Causes hallucinations
Reduces platelet function
Flag question: Question 3Question 30 pts
Introducing adherence in facilitating treatment goals is something that would be necessary in a patient who has previously displayed nonadherence patterns.
Group of answer choices
True
False
Flag question: Question 4Question 40 pts
Upon blocking a Serotonin reuptake pump, what happens in the synaptic cleft and on the post synaptic cell membrane?
Group of answer choices
The result will be an increase in available Serotonin in the synaptic cleft causing the post synaptic cell to increase the number of Serotonin receptors.
The result will be an increase in the available Serotonin in the synaptic cleft causing the post synaptic neuron to reduce the number of Serotonin receptors.
The result will be an increase in Serotonin in the synaptic cleft resulting in an increase in reuptake pumps on the presynaptic neuron.
The result will be an increase in Serotonin in the synaptic cleft resulting in a decrease in reuptake pumps on the pre-synaptic neuron.
Flag question: Question 5Question 50 pts
Treatment adherence is affected by several different factors. Clinical factors include mood, anxiety, psychosis, and substance misuse. There are also patient factors such as knowledge, attitude, and beliefs; economic and racial/ethnic disparities, and clinical encounters. A patient who presents hopeless, with decreased energy, and poor concentration is affected by which factor?
Group of answer choices
Substance misuse
Knowledge deficits
Attitude ad belief system
Mood
Flag question: Question 6Question 60 pts
Which neurotransmitter is considered the major excitatory neurotransmitter?
Group of answer choices
Glycine
GABA
Glutamate
Serotonin
Flag question: Question 7Question 70 pts
Which of the following consists of all the known major neurotransmitters that are relevant in psychiatry?
Group of answer choices
glutamate, GABA, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, histamine, steroids, nitric oxide
glutamate, GABA, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, histamine, endogenous opioids, steroids, cannabinoids, nitric oxide
glutamate, GABA, dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, endogenous opioids, nitric oxide, cannabinoids, steroids
glutamate, GABA, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, endogenous opioids, steroids, histamine, nitric oxide
Flag question: Question 8Question 80 pts
Receptors trigger one of two effector pathways resulting in changes in neuronal activity. These changes will, ultimately, effect gene expression. Which effector pathway is characterized by ion flux through transmitter-activated channels resulting in an altered membrane potential and neuronal activity?
Group of answer choices
Slow effector pathways
Modulated effector pathways
Rapid effector pathways
MDA glutamate receptor pathways
Flag question: Question 9Question 90 pts
The human brain is subcategorized into four major structures. These structures include the cerebral cortex, brainstem, subcortical structures, and the cerebellum. Of these major categories, which one houses the area of the brain that has been found in some neuropathological studies of patients with schizophrenia to be of smaller size?
Group of answer choices
Cerebral cortex
Brainstem
Subcortical structures
Cerebellum
Flag question: Question 10Question 100 pts
G-protein coupled receptors are examples of what type of effector pathway?
Group of answer choices
Slow effector pathways
Rapid effector pathways
NMDA glutamate receptor pathways
Modulated effector pathways
Flag question: Question 11Question 110 pts
If a patient admits to taking his medication every other day (instead of daily, as prescribed), a potential concern would be:
Group of answer choices
Sufficient understanding or acceptance of the illness
Abuse of the medication
Expense
Is the desired effect recognized at a lower daily dose?
Flag question: Question 12Question 120 pts
The synaptic cleft is best characterized by which of the following statements?
Group of answer choices
The synaptic cleft is the space between a single neuron’s dendrites and axon terminals in which intracellular communication occurs through the release of neurotransmitters allowing for signal conduction throughout the central nervous system.
The synaptic cleft is the space between the cell body and axon terminals that allows for release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron for intercellular communication with an adjacent neuron (post synaptic neuron).
The synaptic cleft is an area where dendrites and axon terminals are within close proximity, allowing for the release of a neurotransmitter from a presynaptic neuron that can interact with receptors on dendritic cells of a post synaptic neuron, which is the main basis for intercellular communication of neurons.
Flag question: Question 13Question 130 pts
Neurotransmission is unidirectional insofar as chemical and electrical conduction is concerned within the individual neuron. Of the following descriptions, which best characterizes the order of neurotransmitter/receptor interaction that results in an electrical signal impulse and the release of another neurotransmitter for interaction in the synaptic cleft (signal conduction through a neuron)?
Group of answer choices
Cell body, dendrites, Axon, Axon terminals
Dendrites, Axon, Cell body, Axon, Axon terminals
Dendrites, Cell body, Axon, Axon terminals
Axon terminals, Axon, Cell body, Dendrites
Flag question: Question 14Question 140 pts
Of the components of patient-focused interventions to enhance adherence, which component includes the following strategies: adaptive thinking, use of cues, and support?
Group of answer choices
Motivation
Skills
Logistics
Education
Flag question: Question 15Question 150 pts
Glia cells play a supportive role to the neuron. A few of the functions of the glial cells include providing nutrition, maintaining homeostasis, stabilizing synapses, and myelinating axons. The glial cells are categorized as microglia and macroglia. Of these two cell types, which one plays an active and critical role in glutamatergic neurotransmission by providing a co-agonist required for glutamate receptor function?
Group of answer choices
microglial
macroglial
Flag question: Question 16Question 160 pts
Motivation is a component of patient-focused interventions to enhance adherence. Based on the transtheoretical model, readiness to change can fluctuate across five stages. Which stage is represented by the patient who is aware that a problem exists and, while seriously thinking about overcoming it, has not yet committed to a plan of action?
Group of answer choices
Preparation
Action
Contemplation
Maintenance
Flag question: Question 17Question 170 pts
A patient arrives in the ED via EMS having a grand mal seizure. The ED physician instructs the RN to give 10 milligrams of Diazepam IV X1 dose STAT. The patient’s seizure breaks within 2 minutes of the Diazepam being administered. The mechanism by which this medication causes rapid resolution of seizure activity is via which receptor type (effector pathway/receptor subtype)?
Group of answer choices
Slow effector pathways/G-protein coupled receptor
Slow effector pathway/ion channel
Rapid effector pathways/G-protein coupled receptor
Rapid effector pathway/ion channel
Flag question: Question 18Question 180 pts
1Neurons are classified in several different ways. From the following statements, select which ones are true.
1. The two structural classifications are projection neurons and local inter-neurons.
2. Function classifications are made up of two subcategories: excitatory and inhibitory.
3. Histological classification includes bipolar, unipolar, and multipolar.
4. Classifications using a combination of structural, functional, and neurotransmitter type provide the most robust and useful description.
5. Classification by neurotransmitter type alone provides the most useful description.
Group of answer choices
I only
III only
I, II, and V only
I, II, III, IV, and V
I, III, and IV
Flag question: Question 19Question 190 pts
When dopamine (subtype 2) receptors are blocked in this pathway (system), it is evident by EPS.
Group of answer choices
Mesocortical
Tuberoinfundibular
grostriatal
Mesolimbic
Flag question: Question 20Question 200 pts
Neurotransmitters are defined by four essential characteristics. These are:
Group of answer choices
Neurotransmitters are synthesized within presynaptic neurons.
Depolarization of a neuron results in the release of a neurotransmitter, which exerts a multitude of actions on the postsynaptic neuron.
Their action on postsynaptic neurons can be replicated by administering a drug that mimics the activity of the endogenous neurotransmitter.
Their action in the synaptic cleft is terminated by a specific action.
E. A, C, and D only
